Overview of energy options and sectors
Photographer: Millinger et al, CC BY 4.0
An overview of biomass-, electricity- and fossil-based options to fulfill demands for space and water heating, electricity, process heat and chemicals as well as transport. Biomass-based options can be combined with carbon capture, which competes with direct air capture to provide non-fossil carbon for production of fuels and chemicals, or for negative emissions. The usage of all of these options is cost-optimised to fulfill emissions targets in the European energy system. Energy flows are shown, except for the dashed lines, which show mass flows of captured carbon (which is optional for each process). The captured carbon can be utilized for hydrocarbon production (CCU), or sequestered (CCS). Abbreviations: AD = anaerobic digestion, CCU=carbon capture and utilization, CCS=carbon capture and storage, DAC=direct air capture, EV=electric vehicle, SMR=steam methane reforming, SNG=substitute natural gas, V2G=vehicle to grid.
